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各国石油生产成本
作者：Alanna Petroff
下面是20个国家平均生产一桶石油的成本：
1、英国 52.5美元。
2、巴西48.8美元。
3、加拿大41美元。
4、美国36.2美元。
5、挪威 36.1美元。
6、安哥拉35.4美元。
7、哥伦比亚35.3美元。
8、尼日利亚31.6美元。
9、中国29.9美元。
10、墨西哥29.1美元。
11、哈萨克斯坦27.8美元。
12、利比亚23.8美元。
13、委内瑞拉 23.5美元
14、阿尔及利亚20.4美元。
15、俄国17.2美元。
16、伊朗12.6美元。
17、阿联酋12.3美元。
18、伊拉克10.7美元。
19、沙特阿拉伯9.9美元。
20、科威特8.5美元。
数据来自对20个国家15000多个油田进行统计与生产成本计算，包括资本支出与运营支出，资本支出包括参与油田设施建设、管道和新井的费用。运营开支包括支付员工工资、一般行政费用等。
研究来自原油和天然气公司（Rystad Energy）的65000石油天然气公司的数据库信息。原油价格下跌让能源行业利润减少，但是每个油田生产成本有所不同。在英国生产一桶石油成本为52.5美元，巴西生产一桶石油成本为49美元，美国生产一桶石油成本为36美元。
很多大型能源公司宣布一系列削减成本计划，硬币有两面，沙特阿拉伯和科威特能以低于每桶10美元成本生产，伊拉克生产石油成本可以低于每桶10.7美元。分析师认为，这说明海湾国家能以更低成本生产，有一个有利地位。
那么欧佩克产油国呢？
2014年上半年油价每桶高于100美元，欧佩克决定不减产，继续生产石油，迹象表明市场有太多供应，分析人士表示，欧佩克维持产量，挤压高成本的生产商退出市场，这样他们就可以收回市场份额。
国际货币基金组织认为，大多数产油国，包括中东、沙特阿拉伯、阿曼、巴林等的石油企业将在五年内耗尽现金，如果成品油价不提升超每桶50美元。石油出口国需要调整支出与收入政策，确保财政可持续性。
时间：2015年11月25日
下面是20个国家平均生产一桶石油的成本：
1、英国 52.5美元。
2、巴西48.8美元。
3、加拿大41美元。
4、美国36.2美元。
5、挪威 36.1美元。
6、安哥拉35.4美元。
7、哥伦比亚35.3美元。
8、尼日利亚31.6美元。
9、中国29.9美元。
10、墨西哥29.1美元。
11、哈萨克斯坦27.8美元。
12、利比亚23.8美元。
13、委内瑞拉 23.5美元
14、阿尔及利亚20.4美元。
15、俄国17.2美元。
16、伊朗12.6美元。
17、阿联酋12.3美元。
18、伊拉克10.7美元。
19、沙特阿拉伯9.9美元。
20、科威特8.5美元。
数据来自对20个国家15000多个油田进行统计与生产成本计算，包括资本支出与运营支出，资本支出包括参与油田设施建设、管道和新井的费用。运营开支包括支付员工工资、一般行政费用等。
研究来自原油和天然气公司（Rystad Energy）的65000石油天然气公司的数据库信息。原油价格下跌让能源行业利润减少，但是每个油田生产成本有所不同。在英国生产一桶石油成本为52.5美元，巴西生产一桶石油成本为49美元，美国生产一桶石油成本为36美元。
很多大型能源公司宣布一系列削减成本计划，硬币有两面，沙特阿拉伯和科威特能以低于每桶10美元成本生产，伊拉克生产石油成本可以低于每桶10.7美元。分析师认为，这说明海湾国家能以更低成本生产，有一个有利地位。
那么欧佩克产油国呢？
2014年上半年油价每桶高于100美元，欧佩克决定不减产，继续生产石油，迹象表明市场有太多供应，分析人士表示，欧佩克维持产量，挤压高成本的生产商退出市场，这样他们就可以收回市场份额。
国际货币基金组织认为，大多数产油国，包括中东、沙特阿拉伯、阿曼、巴林等的石油企业将在五年内耗尽现金，如果成品油价不提升超每桶50美元。石油出口国需要调整支出与收入政策，确保财政可持续性。
时间：2015年11月25日
SINGAPORE POST LTD
UOL GROUP LIMITED
26 August 2016
The Stock Market: A Look at the Last 200 Years
By John Huber On August 19, 2014 ·
I spend virtually zero energy thinking about the overall stock market. I’m always aware of what the indices are doing, but I really don’t pay attention to where I think they are headed or where they’ve been recently. As Munger has said, sometimes the tide will be with us and sometimes it will be against us, but the best thing to do is to just continue to focus on swimming forward.
I think this has been going on for well over a year now, but lately I’ve been hearing about many people who are worried about the stock market. This is a natural enough concern after a 5 year period from 2009-2013 that saw the S&P 500 advance 15.4% per year before factoring in dividends. I would agree that it is a virtual certainty that the next 5 years will not equal or exceed the returns we’ve seen in the last 5 years from the S&P. But it’s interesting to note the level of fear that exists in the market, even as the S&P continues to reach new highs. Many talk about the next “crash” as if another 2008 is right around the corner (maybe it is, maybe it isn’t–I don’t participate in that game, but as I’ll demonstrate below, the odds are against that type of a market event in the near future).
Read About Businesses, not Stock Market Predictions
In any event, this type of observation on the general state of the stock market doesn’t affect the way I conduct my work. It means nothing to me. I’m trying to find good operating businesses at cheap prices, and my energy is firmly focused on evaluating those situations, one at a time. If I find a business that I determine will compound intrinsic value at 10-12% per year and I can buy that business at a material discount to its current intrinsic value, why would I care what the S&P 500 does in 2014, not to mention trying to anticipate the Fed’s next moves, where interest rates are headed, European problems, etc… The macro things are important, as Buffett says, but not knowable (or predictable). So I like focusing on good solid “block and tackle” style investing. Find good businesses at cheap prices. Spend time reading and evaluating these things. Read more 10-K’s and fewer Section A’s of the Wall Street Journal, etc…
Stock Prices Over the Past 200 Years
Having stated the above disclaimer, I will proceed forward with some interesting general market data to share. I’m a glutton for historical numbers, especially pertaining to stocks. A while back I came across a post that had a histogram of the overall stock market returns since 1825. More on the numbers shortly…
Prior to reading that post, I was already aware that from the end of 1814 to the end of 1925, the US stock market experienced compound annual growth of about 5.8% per year. This is based on data put together by Robert Shiller, and this measure used a price weighted index, which has many flaws, but is the way that most of the indices are measured today.
To use a different time period and a different yardstick, Buffett once mentioned that the Dow went from 66 to 11,219 during the 100 year period during the 20th century, which is a 5.3% CAGR. Add dividends to that figure, and shareholders might have realized 7-8% annually or so.
To use a third historical time period, I noticed in Buffett’s annual shareholder letter that the S&P 500 has averaged 9.8% annually over the last 49 years (since he took over at Berkshire).
I think the last 200 years provides pretty good evidence that over the very long term, I feel comfortable expecting the market to average somewhere between 6% and 9% annually including dividends (if I had to guess, I’d be closer to 6 than 9).
As we all know, these averages tend to hold up over time, but any individual year can result a widely varying result–the type of year that is hugely positive or terribly negative, right? Yes, this is certainly true. But I think that the probabilities of these outlier years are much lower (especially the negative outlier years) than many people might realize.
Take a look at the last 189 years of general stock prices:
Market Histogram
Some anecdotes I find interesting by observing the results 189 years between 1825 and 2013:
The market had 134 positive years and 55 negative years (the market was up 71% of the time)
44% of the time the market finished the year between 0% and +20%
60% of the time the market finished the year between -10% and +20%
Only 14% of the time (26 out of 189 years) did the market finish worse than -10%
Only a mere 4.8% of the time (fewer than 1 in 20 years) did the market finish worse than -20%
So to put it another way (using the 189 years between 1825 and 2013 as our sample space), there is an 86% chance that the market finishes the year better than -10%. There is a 95% chance the market ends higher than -20%. And as I mentioned above, there is a 71% chance that the market ends any given year in positive territory.
One last observation: the market was 5 times more likely to be up 20% or more in a year (50 out of 189) than down 20% or more in a year (9 out of 189)!
Now, lest my readers suspect me of predicting further gains… let me make it clear that I’m not trying to make a case that I think the market won’t or can’t go down, or even go down a lot. On the contrary, after 5 years in a row of not just positive years, but exceedingly above average gains, we are certainly “due” for a down year. After all, the market finished the year down 29% of the time over the past 189 years, or about once every 3 or 4 years.
I just think that it’s difficult to predict when the down year–and certainly when the next big crash will come. Make no mistake, the market will crash from time to time. The economy will suffer another banking crisis. It’s just difficult to know when. The stock market certainly will go through another 10% correction in the near future. It will likely go through a 20% correction in the near future. There have been 12 of those corrections since the mid-50’s when the S&P 500 index was instituted, or about one every 5 years. We haven’t had one since early 2009, so we’re due for one of those as well.
Some Businesses Create Value During General Stock Price Declines
But I think it’s important to remember that it’s incredibly difficult to precisely predict the timing of such a correction. And even when such a correction occurs, the business you own might actually be more valuable intrinsically after the correction than it was before it. It doesn’t mean the price will be higher, but often times quality businesses create value during these types of market events. Think about all of the enormous value Berkshire Hathaway created for shareholders during the last crisis in 2008-2009.
There are many businesses that can use their resources to actually take advantage of stock price corrections/crashes, either in the form of buying back their own stock at low prices, making acquisitions, or sometimes just gaining market share as competitors struggle. A study of Henry Singleton at Teledyne is very worthwhile when considering the value that can be created for shareholders during bear markets.
So to me, it is not worth the risk trying to sell a quality asset that is compounding intrinsic value just to try and outsmart other speculators in the near term. It’s a much more achievable task to locate a group of well selected quality businesses that happen to be undervalued relative to their true earning power, and patiently let them compound value for you through low and high tides.
Crashes Are Rare
Although certain to happen again, crashes are rare. The 2008 type scenarios, are extremely rare. Only 3 times since 1825 did the market finish a calendar year down 30% or worse. That’s about once every 63 years. People tend to overestimate the probability of a market crash when one recently occurred. The storm clouds of 2008 are in the rear view mirror, but they are still visible, and the effects of the storm still evident. This phenomenon works in the opposite direction also, as Buffett pointed out in his 2001 letter to shareholders:
“Last year, we commented on the exuberance — and, yes, it was irrational — that prevailed, noting that investor expectations had grown to be several multiples of probable returns. One piece of evidence came from a Paine Webber-Gallup survey of investors conducted in December 1999, in which the participants were asked their opinion about the annual returns investors could expect to realize over the decade ahead. Their answers averaged 19 percent.”
19% for the next decade?! That prediction turned out to be about 20% per year too high. But remember, in December 1999 the market was about to put a ribbon on 5 consecutive years of 20% or greater gains, a feat that never had happened before and likely will not happen again. Irrational exuberance to be sure.
As an aside however, I think it’s interesting to look at how various value investors did during the 2000 to 2002 market crash. Joel Greenblatt once told his students at Columbia that he had two of his worst years of his career in 1998 and 1999, only to gain over 100% in 2000. The 2008 credit crisis was obviously a much different, much more serious, and much more systemic crash, and there was virtually no place to hide. But even those types of events, as rare as they are (roughly once every couple generations) can’t permanently destroy an investor who owns quality assets at prices well below their aggregate intrinsic values. There is one thing I once heard from the great investor Glenn Greenberg that had a profound impact on the way I think about my investments. Greenberg basically said that he wanted to construct his portfolio in such a way that a 1987 type crash (down 25% in one day) would not worry him because the quality of the companies in his portfolio gave him confidence that despite their lower quotational values, their intrinsic values would increase over time, thus providing him with a margin of safety (time was his friend).
Value Investing Requires Patience and Logic, Not Crystal Balls
It doesn’t mean that value investors are immune to market corrections/crashes. On the contrary, the immense discipline and patience that is required of value investors is one reason that the strategy continues to work despite its well known formula, obvious logic, and proven merit. Sometimes the hardest thing to do is the right thing, and human behavior ensures that value investors will always be able to eat.
They key thing to remember is that when you own a stock, you own a piece of a business. Graham’s logic is as simple as it is timeless. It really helps to remember that you don’t own numbers that bounce around on a screen, you own a business that has assets, cash flows, employees, products, customers, etc… Just like the owner of a stable, cash producing duplex located in a quality part of town isn’t frantically checking economic numbers or general stock index prices on a daily or weekly basis, nor should the owner of a durable business that produces predictable cash flow–purchased at an attractive price–be concerned about the day to day fluctuations in the quoted price of his share of the company.
But as Munger said, sometimes the tide will be with us and sometimes the tide will be against us, but the best thing to do is to just continue to swim as competently as we can. Although ocean tides are much easier to predict than the direction of the stock market, I still think it’s best to focus on swimming as opposed to anticipating the changes in the tides.
I spend virtually zero energy thinking about the overall stock market. I’m always aware of what the indices are doing, but I really don’t pay attention to where I think they are headed or where they’ve been recently. As Munger has said, sometimes the tide will be with us and sometimes it will be against us, but the best thing to do is to just continue to focus on swimming forward.
I think this has been going on for well over a year now, but lately I’ve been hearing about many people who are worried about the stock market. This is a natural enough concern after a 5 year period from 2009-2013 that saw the S&P 500 advance 15.4% per year before factoring in dividends. I would agree that it is a virtual certainty that the next 5 years will not equal or exceed the returns we’ve seen in the last 5 years from the S&P. But it’s interesting to note the level of fear that exists in the market, even as the S&P continues to reach new highs. Many talk about the next “crash” as if another 2008 is right around the corner (maybe it is, maybe it isn’t–I don’t participate in that game, but as I’ll demonstrate below, the odds are against that type of a market event in the near future).
Read About Businesses, not Stock Market Predictions
In any event, this type of observation on the general state of the stock market doesn’t affect the way I conduct my work. It means nothing to me. I’m trying to find good operating businesses at cheap prices, and my energy is firmly focused on evaluating those situations, one at a time. If I find a business that I determine will compound intrinsic value at 10-12% per year and I can buy that business at a material discount to its current intrinsic value, why would I care what the S&P 500 does in 2014, not to mention trying to anticipate the Fed’s next moves, where interest rates are headed, European problems, etc… The macro things are important, as Buffett says, but not knowable (or predictable). So I like focusing on good solid “block and tackle” style investing. Find good businesses at cheap prices. Spend time reading and evaluating these things. Read more 10-K’s and fewer Section A’s of the Wall Street Journal, etc…
Stock Prices Over the Past 200 Years
Having stated the above disclaimer, I will proceed forward with some interesting general market data to share. I’m a glutton for historical numbers, especially pertaining to stocks. A while back I came across a post that had a histogram of the overall stock market returns since 1825. More on the numbers shortly…
Prior to reading that post, I was already aware that from the end of 1814 to the end of 1925, the US stock market experienced compound annual growth of about 5.8% per year. This is based on data put together by Robert Shiller, and this measure used a price weighted index, which has many flaws, but is the way that most of the indices are measured today.
To use a different time period and a different yardstick, Buffett once mentioned that the Dow went from 66 to 11,219 during the 100 year period during the 20th century, which is a 5.3% CAGR. Add dividends to that figure, and shareholders might have realized 7-8% annually or so.
To use a third historical time period, I noticed in Buffett’s annual shareholder letter that the S&P 500 has averaged 9.8% annually over the last 49 years (since he took over at Berkshire).
I think the last 200 years provides pretty good evidence that over the very long term, I feel comfortable expecting the market to average somewhere between 6% and 9% annually including dividends (if I had to guess, I’d be closer to 6 than 9).
As we all know, these averages tend to hold up over time, but any individual year can result a widely varying result–the type of year that is hugely positive or terribly negative, right? Yes, this is certainly true. But I think that the probabilities of these outlier years are much lower (especially the negative outlier years) than many people might realize.
Take a look at the last 189 years of general stock prices:
Market Histogram
Some anecdotes I find interesting by observing the results 189 years between 1825 and 2013:
The market had 134 positive years and 55 negative years (the market was up 71% of the time)
44% of the time the market finished the year between 0% and +20%
60% of the time the market finished the year between -10% and +20%
Only 14% of the time (26 out of 189 years) did the market finish worse than -10%
Only a mere 4.8% of the time (fewer than 1 in 20 years) did the market finish worse than -20%
So to put it another way (using the 189 years between 1825 and 2013 as our sample space), there is an 86% chance that the market finishes the year better than -10%. There is a 95% chance the market ends higher than -20%. And as I mentioned above, there is a 71% chance that the market ends any given year in positive territory.
One last observation: the market was 5 times more likely to be up 20% or more in a year (50 out of 189) than down 20% or more in a year (9 out of 189)!
Now, lest my readers suspect me of predicting further gains… let me make it clear that I’m not trying to make a case that I think the market won’t or can’t go down, or even go down a lot. On the contrary, after 5 years in a row of not just positive years, but exceedingly above average gains, we are certainly “due” for a down year. After all, the market finished the year down 29% of the time over the past 189 years, or about once every 3 or 4 years.
I just think that it’s difficult to predict when the down year–and certainly when the next big crash will come. Make no mistake, the market will crash from time to time. The economy will suffer another banking crisis. It’s just difficult to know when. The stock market certainly will go through another 10% correction in the near future. It will likely go through a 20% correction in the near future. There have been 12 of those corrections since the mid-50’s when the S&P 500 index was instituted, or about one every 5 years. We haven’t had one since early 2009, so we’re due for one of those as well.
Some Businesses Create Value During General Stock Price Declines
But I think it’s important to remember that it’s incredibly difficult to precisely predict the timing of such a correction. And even when such a correction occurs, the business you own might actually be more valuable intrinsically after the correction than it was before it. It doesn’t mean the price will be higher, but often times quality businesses create value during these types of market events. Think about all of the enormous value Berkshire Hathaway created for shareholders during the last crisis in 2008-2009.
There are many businesses that can use their resources to actually take advantage of stock price corrections/crashes, either in the form of buying back their own stock at low prices, making acquisitions, or sometimes just gaining market share as competitors struggle. A study of Henry Singleton at Teledyne is very worthwhile when considering the value that can be created for shareholders during bear markets.
So to me, it is not worth the risk trying to sell a quality asset that is compounding intrinsic value just to try and outsmart other speculators in the near term. It’s a much more achievable task to locate a group of well selected quality businesses that happen to be undervalued relative to their true earning power, and patiently let them compound value for you through low and high tides.
Crashes Are Rare
Although certain to happen again, crashes are rare. The 2008 type scenarios, are extremely rare. Only 3 times since 1825 did the market finish a calendar year down 30% or worse. That’s about once every 63 years. People tend to overestimate the probability of a market crash when one recently occurred. The storm clouds of 2008 are in the rear view mirror, but they are still visible, and the effects of the storm still evident. This phenomenon works in the opposite direction also, as Buffett pointed out in his 2001 letter to shareholders:
“Last year, we commented on the exuberance — and, yes, it was irrational — that prevailed, noting that investor expectations had grown to be several multiples of probable returns. One piece of evidence came from a Paine Webber-Gallup survey of investors conducted in December 1999, in which the participants were asked their opinion about the annual returns investors could expect to realize over the decade ahead. Their answers averaged 19 percent.”
19% for the next decade?! That prediction turned out to be about 20% per year too high. But remember, in December 1999 the market was about to put a ribbon on 5 consecutive years of 20% or greater gains, a feat that never had happened before and likely will not happen again. Irrational exuberance to be sure.
As an aside however, I think it’s interesting to look at how various value investors did during the 2000 to 2002 market crash. Joel Greenblatt once told his students at Columbia that he had two of his worst years of his career in 1998 and 1999, only to gain over 100% in 2000. The 2008 credit crisis was obviously a much different, much more serious, and much more systemic crash, and there was virtually no place to hide. But even those types of events, as rare as they are (roughly once every couple generations) can’t permanently destroy an investor who owns quality assets at prices well below their aggregate intrinsic values. There is one thing I once heard from the great investor Glenn Greenberg that had a profound impact on the way I think about my investments. Greenberg basically said that he wanted to construct his portfolio in such a way that a 1987 type crash (down 25% in one day) would not worry him because the quality of the companies in his portfolio gave him confidence that despite their lower quotational values, their intrinsic values would increase over time, thus providing him with a margin of safety (time was his friend).
Value Investing Requires Patience and Logic, Not Crystal Balls
It doesn’t mean that value investors are immune to market corrections/crashes. On the contrary, the immense discipline and patience that is required of value investors is one reason that the strategy continues to work despite its well known formula, obvious logic, and proven merit. Sometimes the hardest thing to do is the right thing, and human behavior ensures that value investors will always be able to eat.
They key thing to remember is that when you own a stock, you own a piece of a business. Graham’s logic is as simple as it is timeless. It really helps to remember that you don’t own numbers that bounce around on a screen, you own a business that has assets, cash flows, employees, products, customers, etc… Just like the owner of a stable, cash producing duplex located in a quality part of town isn’t frantically checking economic numbers or general stock index prices on a daily or weekly basis, nor should the owner of a durable business that produces predictable cash flow–purchased at an attractive price–be concerned about the day to day fluctuations in the quoted price of his share of the company.
But as Munger said, sometimes the tide will be with us and sometimes the tide will be against us, but the best thing to do is to just continue to swim as competently as we can. Although ocean tides are much easier to predict than the direction of the stock market, I still think it’s best to focus on swimming as opposed to anticipating the changes in the tides.
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口腔溃疡的常见原因
外伤。外伤性溃疡占所有口腔溃疡的最大比率。常见的成因是被牙齿咬伤，特别是排列不整齐的牙齿最容易发生这种现象。这类溃疡，只要去除引起外伤的原因，伤口一般在一个星期内会愈合。在治疗上，患者可涂止痛药膏或以药水涂抹患处，防止感染。
鹅口疮。就是一般人常说的火气大，或睡眠不足引起的口腔破皮。它的发生率仅次于外伤性溃疡。临床常表现为反复性、多发性，就是重复出现，及同时几处溃疡，而且非常疼痛。鹅口疮的溃疡表面平坦，周围有一圈红晕。
口腔癌。引起溃疡的口腔癌除了以肿块形式出现外，也可能出现口腔溃疡。可是这类溃疡，周围常会出现硬化边缘，而且溃疡中心的组织，会呈现疣状或菜花状的表面。
放射线或化学治疗。头部或颈部因癌症而接受放射性治疗，或者化疗期间，正常的口腔黏膜细胞也会因放射线或药物的伤害、白血球数目降低，而产生全口广泛性的溃疡。严重时，患者会经验吞咽疼痛困难，甚至需要靠鼻胃管进食。
自身免疫因素。许多研究资料证明，复发口疮患者的血清中，可发现免疫球蛋白A与免疫球蛋白G增加。
其他疾病。临床资料表明，有如下疾病时可引起口腔黏膜溃疡复发。如胃溃疡，十二指肠溃疡，慢性或迁延性肝炎，结肠炎，贫血，偏食，消化不良，腹泻，便秘，睡眠不足，疲劳，月经期等。
有事没事就口腔溃疡怎么治？
1.注意口腔卫生，避免损伤口腔黏膜，避免辛辣性食物和局部刺激，注意饮食清淡。
2.保持心情舒畅，乐观开朗，多放松自己，缓解精神压力。
3.保证充足的睡眠时间，避免过度疲劳。
4.注意生活规律性和营养均衡性，防止便秘等。
5.日常生活中多锻炼身体，提高免疫力，有助于预防口腔溃疡。
口腔溃疡如果持续不愈或原因不明，要警惕有其他病变的可能，及早就医诊治。
鹅口疮。就是一般人常说的火气大，或睡眠不足引起的口腔破皮。它的发生率仅次于外伤性溃疡。临床常表现为反复性、多发性，就是重复出现，及同时几处溃疡，而且非常疼痛。鹅口疮的溃疡表面平坦，周围有一圈红晕。
口腔癌。引起溃疡的口腔癌除了以肿块形式出现外，也可能出现口腔溃疡。可是这类溃疡，周围常会出现硬化边缘，而且溃疡中心的组织，会呈现疣状或菜花状的表面。
放射线或化学治疗。头部或颈部因癌症而接受放射性治疗，或者化疗期间，正常的口腔黏膜细胞也会因放射线或药物的伤害、白血球数目降低，而产生全口广泛性的溃疡。严重时，患者会经验吞咽疼痛困难，甚至需要靠鼻胃管进食。
自身免疫因素。许多研究资料证明，复发口疮患者的血清中，可发现免疫球蛋白A与免疫球蛋白G增加。
其他疾病。临床资料表明，有如下疾病时可引起口腔黏膜溃疡复发。如胃溃疡，十二指肠溃疡，慢性或迁延性肝炎，结肠炎，贫血，偏食，消化不良，腹泻，便秘，睡眠不足，疲劳，月经期等。
有事没事就口腔溃疡怎么治？
1.注意口腔卫生，避免损伤口腔黏膜，避免辛辣性食物和局部刺激，注意饮食清淡。
2.保持心情舒畅，乐观开朗，多放松自己，缓解精神压力。
3.保证充足的睡眠时间，避免过度疲劳。
4.注意生活规律性和营养均衡性，防止便秘等。
5.日常生活中多锻炼身体，提高免疫力，有助于预防口腔溃疡。
口腔溃疡如果持续不愈或原因不明，要警惕有其他病变的可能，及早就医诊治。
Labels: Health
17 August 2016
DBS GROUP HLDGS LTD
added 14.82
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Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp (OCBC)
added 8.46
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UNITED OVERSEAS BANK LTD
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16 August 2016
DBS GROUP HLDGS LTD
UNITED OVERSEAS BANK LTD
Heart groups suggests people get up every now and then
Credit to Reuters
(Reuters Health) - People should get about 30 minutes of exercise each day to counteract the potentially harmful effects of being inactive for too long, according to a new statement from a leading U.S. heart group.
Research suggests inactivity may be linked to increased risk for diabetes, other blood sugar problems, heart disease, stroke and an earlier death, according to the statement from the American Heart Association.
"Be conscious of how much time you're spending sitting, and try to move more," said Dr. Deborah Rohm Young, chair of the AHA committee that authored the new statement.
"At least when you’re at home, try not to sit on the couch the whole time," said Young, who is also director of behavioral research at Kaiser Permanente Southern California in Pasadena.
Results from national health surveys in the U.S. suggest that adults spend an average of six to eight hours a day inactive, or sedentary, the committee writes in the journal Circulation. People over age 60 spend up to an average of 10 hours a day sedentary.
There could be a number of explanations for people being sedentary, the committee writes. Evidence suggests that people with mental health issues may spend a larger amount of time inactive, for example. Additionally, there may be a genetic component to people being sedentary.
There is also evidence that inactivity is a risk factor for a number of health conditions, and that taking breaks from being inactive may be protective of health.
Most of the existing studies of inactivity show a link between time spent being sedentary and an increased risk of diabetes, for instance. Several studies also show a link between sedentary time and heart disease.
One European study found that each hour of being inactive and watching TV increased a person's risk of fatal and nonfatal heart disease by about 6 percent. Each extra inactive hour was also tied to an 8 percent increased risk of coronary heart disease, which includes plaque buildup in the arteries.
Other studies tie increasing sedentary time to earlier death, the committee writes.
The connection between poor health and being sedentary may be independent of the link connecting more physical activity with improved health, Young told Reuters Health. So, people should likely break up prolonged periods of inactivity even if they meet the AHA's physical activity recommendations.
The quality of the current evidence prevented the committee from being able to say that people should stop being sedentary at particular intervals, the authors note.
The current AHA recommendation is that adults should get 150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity each week.
Getting people who are mainly inactive to move just a bit can likely lead to big gains in health, said Dr. John Bisognano, president of the American Society of Hypertension and a preventive cardiologist at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.
"Just encouraging people to do a little bit can make a big difference," said Bisognano, who was not involved with the new statement.
For example, he said, people could get up and walk around their building every hour.
"Motivating people to go from sedentary to physically active is a good focus," said Bisognano.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1GwHxg0 Circulation, online August 15, 2016.
- Reuters
(Reuters Health) - People should get about 30 minutes of exercise each day to counteract the potentially harmful effects of being inactive for too long, according to a new statement from a leading U.S. heart group.
Research suggests inactivity may be linked to increased risk for diabetes, other blood sugar problems, heart disease, stroke and an earlier death, according to the statement from the American Heart Association.
"Be conscious of how much time you're spending sitting, and try to move more," said Dr. Deborah Rohm Young, chair of the AHA committee that authored the new statement.
"At least when you’re at home, try not to sit on the couch the whole time," said Young, who is also director of behavioral research at Kaiser Permanente Southern California in Pasadena.
Results from national health surveys in the U.S. suggest that adults spend an average of six to eight hours a day inactive, or sedentary, the committee writes in the journal Circulation. People over age 60 spend up to an average of 10 hours a day sedentary.
There could be a number of explanations for people being sedentary, the committee writes. Evidence suggests that people with mental health issues may spend a larger amount of time inactive, for example. Additionally, there may be a genetic component to people being sedentary.
There is also evidence that inactivity is a risk factor for a number of health conditions, and that taking breaks from being inactive may be protective of health.
Most of the existing studies of inactivity show a link between time spent being sedentary and an increased risk of diabetes, for instance. Several studies also show a link between sedentary time and heart disease.
One European study found that each hour of being inactive and watching TV increased a person's risk of fatal and nonfatal heart disease by about 6 percent. Each extra inactive hour was also tied to an 8 percent increased risk of coronary heart disease, which includes plaque buildup in the arteries.
Other studies tie increasing sedentary time to earlier death, the committee writes.
The connection between poor health and being sedentary may be independent of the link connecting more physical activity with improved health, Young told Reuters Health. So, people should likely break up prolonged periods of inactivity even if they meet the AHA's physical activity recommendations.
The quality of the current evidence prevented the committee from being able to say that people should stop being sedentary at particular intervals, the authors note.
The current AHA recommendation is that adults should get 150 minutes of moderate physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity each week.
Getting people who are mainly inactive to move just a bit can likely lead to big gains in health, said Dr. John Bisognano, president of the American Society of Hypertension and a preventive cardiologist at the University of Rochester Medical Center in New York.
"Just encouraging people to do a little bit can make a big difference," said Bisognano, who was not involved with the new statement.
For example, he said, people could get up and walk around their building every hour.
"Motivating people to go from sedentary to physically active is a good focus," said Bisognano.
SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1GwHxg0 Circulation, online August 15, 2016.
- Reuters
Labels: Health
12 August 2016
DOG
added 20.5500
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11 August 2016
DBS GROUP HLDGS LTD
added 14.87
Labels: Live Trading Records
Marc Faber: S&P is set to crash 50%, giving back 5 years of gains
Credit to CNBC Alex Rosenberg
The notoriously bearish Marc Faber is doubling down on his dire market view.
The editor and publisher of the Gloom, Boom & Doom Report said Monday on CNBC's " Trading Nation " that stocks are likely to endure a gut-wrenching drop that would rival the greatest crashes in stock market history.
"I think we can easily give back five years of capital gains, which would take the market down to around 1,100," Faber said, referring to a level 50 percent below Monday's closing on the S&P 500 (INDEX: .SPX).
In fact, stocks would need to fall by at least that much in order for some of Faber's calls to be proven correct. In October 2009, when the S&P was trading near 1,100, Faber said on Indian CNBC-TV18 that U.S. and Indian stocks were "very overbought" and "the gravy's out" on the rally.
Since then, Faber has generally only become more and more bearish as stocks have climbed. And on Monday, as Faber made his latest crash call, the S&P 500 touched an all-time high of 2,185.44.
When pressed on what could cause the decline he predicts, Faber responded that "you never know exactly why this will happen," adding that he believes the market's gains are unsustainable.
"The fact is, the market hasn't really been driven by genuine buying, but by stock buybacks, takeovers and acquisitions, and market leadership has been narrowing. It's not that many stocks that have been making new highs. It's quite a narrow growth of stocks that have been very strong," he said.
In fact, market breadth has broadened substantially, and as of Monday's close, 48 percent of the stocks within the S&P 500 have made 52-week highs within the past three months; 6 percent made 1-year highs on Monday alone.
Even though markets have been incredibly quiescent of late, Faber warns that "the excess liquidity that have been generated by central banks will lead to a great deal of volatility."
And turning an eye to personal history, Faber said that "I've seen, repeatedly in my life, markets drop 40 or 50 percent, and in some cases I've seen a market like the Dow Jones (Dow Jones Global Indexes: .DJI) drop 21 percent in one day."
"So many things can happen."
A look at Faber's predictions, however, would suggest that a sustained market rally was never really within the realm of possible happenings that he considered.
The notoriously bearish Marc Faber is doubling down on his dire market view.
The editor and publisher of the Gloom, Boom & Doom Report said Monday on CNBC's " Trading Nation " that stocks are likely to endure a gut-wrenching drop that would rival the greatest crashes in stock market history.
"I think we can easily give back five years of capital gains, which would take the market down to around 1,100," Faber said, referring to a level 50 percent below Monday's closing on the S&P 500 (INDEX: .SPX).
In fact, stocks would need to fall by at least that much in order for some of Faber's calls to be proven correct. In October 2009, when the S&P was trading near 1,100, Faber said on Indian CNBC-TV18 that U.S. and Indian stocks were "very overbought" and "the gravy's out" on the rally.
Since then, Faber has generally only become more and more bearish as stocks have climbed. And on Monday, as Faber made his latest crash call, the S&P 500 touched an all-time high of 2,185.44.
When pressed on what could cause the decline he predicts, Faber responded that "you never know exactly why this will happen," adding that he believes the market's gains are unsustainable.
"The fact is, the market hasn't really been driven by genuine buying, but by stock buybacks, takeovers and acquisitions, and market leadership has been narrowing. It's not that many stocks that have been making new highs. It's quite a narrow growth of stocks that have been very strong," he said.
In fact, market breadth has broadened substantially, and as of Monday's close, 48 percent of the stocks within the S&P 500 have made 52-week highs within the past three months; 6 percent made 1-year highs on Monday alone.
Even though markets have been incredibly quiescent of late, Faber warns that "the excess liquidity that have been generated by central banks will lead to a great deal of volatility."
And turning an eye to personal history, Faber said that "I've seen, repeatedly in my life, markets drop 40 or 50 percent, and in some cases I've seen a market like the Dow Jones (Dow Jones Global Indexes: .DJI) drop 21 percent in one day."
"So many things can happen."
A look at Faber's predictions, however, would suggest that a sustained market rally was never really within the realm of possible happenings that he considered.
10 August 2016
SEMBCORP MARINE
bought 1.31
Labels: Live Trading Records
DBS GROUP HLDGS LTD
added 14.87
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06 August 2016
SBB
added 44.9200
Labels: Live Trading Records
